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Inferring Targets from Calibrated Hesitations via Mutual Information Maximization in Multi-Behavior Recommendation

sigir26-050 · Full research paper · Cheng Li, Yong Xu, Suhua Tang, Xin Yi He, Jianfeng Sun, Jinde Cao
Multi-Behavior Recommendation · 50% Multi-Behavior Recommendation · 50%
Abstract

Multi-behavior recommendation enriches user preference modeling by incorporating diverse auxiliary interactions. However, most existing methods simply treat interactions without target behaviors as absolute negative feedback. This strategy ignores an important intermediate state known as user hesitation, where users exhibit strong intent but fail to complete the final conversion due to various reasons. Consequently, models cannot distinguish true disinterest from intended but hesitant behavior, which introduces substantial noise into preference modeling. To address this issue, we propose a novel framework named Calibrated Hesitation Analysis for Multi-Behavior Recommendation via Mutual Information Maximization (CHARM). Specifically, we aggregate auxiliary behaviors that lead to successful conversions into latent intent representations and train an inference network by maximizing the mutual information between these intents and observed target behaviors. We then apply this network to auxiliary behaviors without conversion, under the assumption that the conversion had occurred, in order to infer latent conversion probabilities and identify high-intent hesitation candidates. Furthermore, to distinguish genuine hesitation from interaction termination caused by competing item choices, we design a competitor substitution penalty strategy to refine hesitation confidence scores. Finally, the calibrated hesitation set is incorporated into the recommendation process to improve ranking quality. Extensive experiments on three real-world datasets demonstrate that CHARM consistently outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods. The source code is available at https://github.com/city59/CHARM.

Assigned reviewers

#ReviewerMatchWhy (closest evidence publications in the taxonomy)
1 Yang Song 0008
48
79 Understanding and Modeling Passive-Negative Feedback for Short-video Sequential Recommendation (2023) Multi-Behavior Recommendation
73 Leveraging Watch-time Feedback for Short-Video Recommendations: A Causal Labeling Framework (2023) Explainable and Causal Recommendation
65 Learning and Optimization of Implicit Negative Feedback for Industrial Short-video Recommender System (2023) Multi-Behavior and Multi-Interest Sequential Recommendation
2 Ziru Liu
46
71 Modeling User Retention through Generative Flow Networks (2024) Multi-Behavior Recommendation
66 Sequential Recommendation for Optimizing Both Immediate Feedback and Long-term Retention (2024) Multi-Behavior and Multi-Interest Sequential Recommendation
65 KuaiSim: A Comprehensive Simulator for Recommender Systems (2023) Recommendation Systems and Evaluation

Area chair

Area chairMatch
Yanan Niu 52
Area-chair candidates (4)
Yanan Niu assigned 5215 papers
Xin Xin 0003 4610 papers
Leyu Lin 4515 papers
Kun Gai 435 papers

Candidates from the panel ranked by match score

#ReviewerMatchLoadWhy
2 Bo Peng 0009 50 3
58 M2: Mixed Models With Preferences, Popularities and Transitions for Next-Basket Recommendation (2023) Efficient and Long-Sequence Sequential Recommendation
56 Intention enhanced mixed attentive model for session-based recommendation (2024) Graph-Based Sequential and Session Recommendation
3 Fei Sun 0001 50 3
63 Multi-Behavior Sequential Modeling with Transition-Aware Graph Attention Network for E-Commerce Recommendation (2026) Sequential and Session-Based Graph Recommendation
56 Improving End-to-End Sequential Recommendations with Intent-aware Diversification (2020) Multi-Behavior and Multi-Interest Sequential Recommendation
4 Jianling Wang 48 3
58 A Hierarchical Self-Attentive Model for Recommending User-Generated Item Lists (2019) Efficient and Long-Sequence Sequential Recommendation
56 Adaptive Hierarchical Translation-based Sequential Recommendation (2020) Graph-Based Sequential and Session Recommendation
5 Wei Guo 0006 48 3
79 Multi-Behavior Sequential Transformer Recommender (2022) Multi-Behavior and Multi-Interest Sequential Recommendation
53 Dataset Regeneration for Sequential Recommendation (2024) Recommendation Systems and Evaluation
6 Yang Song 0008 assigned 48 3
79 Understanding and Modeling Passive-Negative Feedback for Short-video Sequential Recommendation (2023) Multi-Behavior Recommendation
73 Leveraging Watch-time Feedback for Short-Video Recommendations: A Causal Labeling Framework (2023) Explainable and Causal Recommendation
7 Shuchang Liu 0001 48 3
71 Stratified Expert Cloning for Retention-Aware Recommendation at Scale (2025) Multi-Behavior Recommendation
58 Multi-Task Recommendations with Reinforcement Learning (2023) Offline RL for Recommendation
8 Yongjing Hao 47 3
71 Click is not equal to purchase: multi-task reinforcement learning for multi-behavior recommendation (2023) Multi-Behavior Recommendation
71 Click is Not Equal to Purchase: Multi-task Reinforcement Learning for Multi-behavior Recommendation (2022) Multi-Behavior Recommendation
10 Ziru Liu assigned 46 3
71 Modeling User Retention through Generative Flow Networks (2024) Multi-Behavior Recommendation
66 Sequential Recommendation for Optimizing Both Immediate Feedback and Long-term Retention (2024) Multi-Behavior and Multi-Interest Sequential Recommendation
12 Yong He 0009 45 3
50 Task Similarity Aware Meta Learning for Cold-Start Recommendation (2022) Meta-Learning for Cold-Start Recommendation
49 An Industrial Framework for Cold-Start Recommendation in Zero-Shot Scenarios (2022) Content and Attribute-Based Cold-Start Recommendation
13 Jinxin Hu 45 3
56 RCLRec: Reverse Curriculum Learning for Modeling Sparse Conversions in Generative Recommendation (2026) Generative Retrieval and Ranking
55 SASNet: Stage-aware Sequential Matching for Online Travel Recommendation (2022) Sequential Recommendation with User Modeling and Profiling
14 Bo Chen 0023 45 3
67 Compressed Interaction Graph based Framework for Multi-behavior Recommendation (2023) Sequential and Session-Based Graph Recommendation
51 ReLLa: Retrieval-enhanced Large Language Models for Lifelong Sequential Behavior Comprehension in Recommendation (2024) Sequential and Session-based Recommendation
15 Seongmin Park 0002 45 3
57 Temporal Linear Item-Item Model for Sequential Recommendation (2025) Efficient and Long-Sequence Sequential Recommendation
55 MUFFIN: Mixture of User-Adaptive Frequency Filtering for Sequential Recommendation (2025) Sequential Recommendation with User Modeling and Profiling
16 Lantao Hu 44 3
53 Modeling User Fatigue for Sequential Recommendation (2024) Contrastive and Self-Supervised Sequential Recommendation
50 Sequential Recommendation for Optimizing Both Immediate Feedback and Long-term Retention (2024) Multi-Behavior and Multi-Interest Sequential Recommendation
17 Junwei Pan 44 3
54 Multi-Sequence Attentive User Representation Learning for Side-information Integrated Sequential Recommendation (2024) Sequential Recommendation with Side and Multimodal Information
49 Decoupled Training: Return of Frustratingly Easy Multi-Domain Learning (2024) Multi-Domain and Multi-Market Recommendation
18 Jiangxia Cao 44 3
61 From Agnostic to Specific: Latent Preference Diffusion for Multi-Behavior Sequential Recommendation (2026) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders
53 Contrastive Cross-Domain Sequential Recommendation (2022) Cross-Domain and Cross-Market Sequential Recommendation
19 Zhengyi Yang 0007 44 3
50 LLaRA: Large Language-Recommendation Assistant (2024) Sequential and Session-based Recommendation
47 A Bi-Step Grounding Paradigm for Large Language Models in Recommendation Systems (2025) Generative Recommendation and Item Tokenization
20 Bowen Zheng 0005 44 3
55 Reciprocal Sequential Recommendation (2023) Sequential Recommendation with User Modeling and Profiling
51 Enhancing Sequential Recommender with Large Language Models for Joint Video and Comment Recommendation (2025) Sequential and Session-based Recommendation
21 James Caverlee 44 3
53 Sequential Recommendation for Cold-start Users with Meta Transitional Learning (2021) Sequential Recommendation with User Modeling and Profiling
52 Session-based Recommendation with Hypergraph Attention Networks (2021) Sequential and Session-Based Graph Recommendation
22 Ke Fei 44 3
46 Stable and Adaptive Fusion for Multi-domain Multi-task Recommendation (2026) Multi-Scenario and Multi-Domain CTR Prediction
42 Sharpness-Consistent Cross-Domain Recommendation for Cold-Start Items (2026) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs
23 Chunyang Wang 0001 44 3
53 MESA: Plugin Meta-Modulation for Transformer-Based Cold-Start Sequential Recommendation (2026) Sequential Recommendation with User Modeling and Profiling
52 Graph Diffusion-Based Representation Learning for Sequential Recommendation (2024) Sequential and Session-Based Graph Recommendation
25 Yuta Saito 43 3
47 Evaluating the Robustness of Off-Policy Evaluation (2021) Recommendation Systems and Evaluation
46 Off-Policy Evaluation of Ranking Policies under Diverse User Behavior (2023) Recommendation with Search and Ranking
26 Chongming Gao 43 3
50 KuaiRec: A Fully-observed Dataset and Insights for Evaluating Recommender Systems (2022) Recommendation Systems and Evaluation
46 Large Language Models are Learnable Planners for Long-Term Recommendation (2024) Preference Alignment and Optimization
27 Qiang Luo 0004 42 3
55 FIM: Frequency-Aware Multi-View Interest Modeling for Local-Life Service Recommendation (2025) Sequential Recommendation with User Modeling and Profiling
50 MPFormer: Adaptive Framework for Industrial Multi-Task Personalized Sequential Retriever (2025) Multi-Task and Multi-Objective Optimization
28 Jin Chen 0008 42 3
79 Enhancing Multi-Behavior Sequential Recommenders with Behavior-Aware Regularization (2025) Multi-Behavior Recommendation
50 RecStudio: Towards a Highly-Modularized Recommender System (2023) Recommendation Systems and Evaluation
29 Han Li 0005 42 3
71 Stratified Expert Cloning for Retention-Aware Recommendation at Scale (2025) Long-Term Engagement and Retention Optimization
51 Enhancing Sequential Recommender with Large Language Models for Joint Video and Comment Recommendation (2025) Sequential and Session-based Recommendation
30 Hao Liu 0078 42 3
50 WeaveRec: An LLM-Based Cross-Domain Sequential Recommendation Framework with Model Merging (2026) Efficiency and Deployment
46 MCRPL: A Pretrain, Prompt, and Fine-tune Paradigm for Non-overlapping Many-to-one Cross-domain Recommendation (2024) Domain Adaptation and Disentangled Representation for CDR
31 Xuanhua Yang 42 3
51 Hierarchical User Long-term Behavior Modeling for Click-Through Rate Prediction (2025) CTR and Conversion Rate Prediction
45 Breaking the Relevance-Diversity Seesaw: Hierarchical LLM Reasoning with RL for Industrial Novelty Recommendation (2026) Preference Alignment and Optimization
32 Chen Wang 0052 42 3
56 Sequential Recommendation with Auxiliary Item Relationships via Multi-Relational Transformer (2022) Graph-Based Sequential and Session Recommendation
54 Cluster-Aware Item Prompt Learning for Session-Based Recommendation (2025) LLM-Enhanced Sequential Recommendation
33 Yongxin Ni 42 3
63 Global and Personalized Graphs for Heterogeneous Sequential Recommendation by Learning Behavior Transitions and User Intentions (2022) Sequential and Session-Based Graph Recommendation
51 Bridging NIP and MLM: A Unified Meta-Learning Framework for Sequential Recommendation (2026) Meta-Learning for Cold-Start Recommendation
34 Yimeng Bai 42 3
50 Leveraging Watch-time Feedback for Short-Video Recommendations: A Causal Labeling Framework (2023) Recommendation Systems and Evaluation
50 LabelCraft: Empowering Short Video Recommendations with Automated Label Crafting (2024) Recommendation Systems and Evaluation