Large-Scale Online Learning for Generative List Recommendation in E-commerce: An Environment Policy Optimization Approach
Abstract
Generative List Recommendation (GLR) models have shown superior performance in E-commerce by directly generating high-quality recommendation lists through sequential item selection. While Online Learning (OL) has proven valuable for streaming point-wise recommendation models in adapting to dynamic user preferences, its application to GLR remains largely unexplored, due in large part to the inefficiency and instability of conventional on-policy reinforcement learning algorithms used in existing GLR approaches. Existing approaches typically rely on surrogate losses, which provide indirect and biased gradient estimates, making them ill-suited for the rapid, subtle distribution shifts common in real-world E-commerce environments. In this paper, we propose Environment Policy Optimization (EPO), a novel GLR model that fundamentally reshapes policy learning by exploiting the differentiability of the environment within the Generator-Evaluator framework. EPO recognizes that the evaluator is a neural network, capable of providing gradient signals. By directly utilizing these gradients, EPO enables end-to-end optimization of the total list-wise reward—the true objective. To ensure differentiable list generation, EPO introduces a new indexing and exploration strategy based on NeuralSort and Gumbel noise, which relaxes discrete item selection into a continuous, gradient-friendly operation. EPO not only demonstrates strong performance in offline evaluations but also unlocks the potential of online learning for GLR at an industrial scale, yielding a 1.18% relative improvement in user clicks in online A/B tests. The results underscore the critical role of EPO in providing the sensitivity, stability, and gradient fidelity necessary for effective real-time adaptation in streaming and dynamic recommendation environments. Moreover, EPO reached the baseline performance with a training time deduction of 76% under identical hardware conditions.
Assigned reviewers
| # | Reviewer | Match | Why (closest evidence publications in the taxonomy) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Shuchang Liu 0001 | 56 | 61 Fading to Grow: Growing Preference Ratios via Preference Fading Discrete Diffusion for Recommendation (2025) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders 60 Modeling User Retention through Generative Flow Networks (2024) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders 56 Multi-Task Recommendations with Reinforcement Learning (2023) Offline RL for Recommendation |
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| 2 | Ed H. Chi | 55 | 70 Recommender Systems with Generative Retrieval (2023) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs 62 PLUM: Adapting Pre-trained Language Models for Industrial-scale Generative Recommendations (2026) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs 52 Top-K Off-Policy Correction for a REINFORCE Recommender System (2019) Long-Term Engagement and Retention Optimization |
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| 3 | Yuta Saito | 54 | 58 Off-Policy Evaluation of Ranking Policies under Diverse User Behavior (2023) Recommendation with Search and Ranking 55 Evaluating the Robustness of Off-Policy Evaluation (2021) Recommendation Systems and Evaluation 53 Doubly Robust Estimator for Ranking Metrics with Post-Click Conversions (2020) CTR and Conversion Rate Prediction |
Area chair
| Area chair | Match | |
|---|---|---|
| Xiaoyi Zeng | 48 |
Area-chair candidates (5)
| Kun Gai COI: co-author | 53 | 5 papers | |
| Xiaoyi Zeng assigned | 48 | 11 papers | |
| Maolin Wang 0001 COI: co-author | 46 | 15 papers | |
| Yanan Niu COI: co-author | 44 | 15 papers | |
| Xin Xin 0003 | 44 | 10 papers |
Candidates from the panel ranked by match score
| # | Reviewer | Match | Load | Why | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Han Li 0005 COI: co-author | 57 | 3 | 73 Making Transformer Decoders Better Differentiable Indexers (2025) Generative Retrieval and Ranking 73 DualGR: Generative Retrieval with Long and Short-Term Interests Modeling (2026) Generative Retrieval and Ranking |
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| 2 | Shuchang Liu 0001 assigned | 56 | 3 | 61 Fading to Grow: Growing Preference Ratios via Preference Fading Discrete Diffusion for Recommendation (2025) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders 60 Modeling User Retention through Generative Flow Networks (2024) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders |
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| 3 | Xiao Zhang 0034 COI: author | 55 | 3 | 58 GenSAR: Unifying Balanced Search and Recommendation with Generative Retrieval (2025) Recommendation with Search and Ranking 52 Counterfactual Reward Modification for Streaming Recommendation with Delayed Feedback (2021) Long-Term Engagement and Retention Optimization |
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| 4 | Ed H. Chi assigned | 55 | 3 | 70 Recommender Systems with Generative Retrieval (2023) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs 62 PLUM: Adapting Pre-trained Language Models for Industrial-scale Generative Recommendations (2026) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs |
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| 5 | Lantao Hu COI: co-author | 55 | 3 | 70 Generative Recommender with End-to-End Learnable Item Tokenization (2025) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs 54 Modeling User Retention through Generative Flow Networks (2024) Offline RL for Recommendation |
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| 6 | Hao Deng 0011 | 55 | 3 | 86 RCLRec: Reverse Curriculum Learning for Modeling Sparse Conversions in Generative Recommendation (2026) Generative Retrieval and Ranking 69 REG4Rec: Reasoning-Enhanced Generative Model for Large-Scale Recommendation Systems (2026) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs |
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| 7 | Xuanhua Yang | 54 | 3 | 75 GenRec: A Preference-Oriented Generative Framework for Large-Scale Recommendation (2026) Generative Retrieval and Ranking 61 Towards Personalized Bundle Creative Generation with Contrastive Non-Autoregressive Decoding (2022) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders |
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| 8 | Yuta Saito assigned | 54 | 3 | 58 Off-Policy Evaluation of Ranking Policies under Diverse User Behavior (2023) Recommendation with Search and Ranking 55 Evaluating the Robustness of Off-Policy Evaluation (2021) Recommendation Systems and Evaluation |
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| 9 | Lichan Hong | 53 | 3 | 73 Recommender Systems with Generative Retrieval (2023) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs 61 PLUM: Adapting Pre-trained Language Models for Industrial-scale Generative Recommendations (2026) Generative Recommendation and Item Tokenization |
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| 11 | Noveen Sachdeva | 51 | 3 | 53 ActionPiece: Contextually Tokenizing Action Sequences for Generative Recommendation (2025) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs 52 Off-policy Bandits with Deficient Support (2020) Long-Term Engagement and Retention Optimization |
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| 12 | Qiang Luo 0004 | 50 | 3 | 69 OneLoc: Geo-Aware Generative Recommender Systems for Local Life Service (2026) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs 60 DiffGRM: Diffusion-based Generative Recommendation Model (2026) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders |
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| 13 | Qijiong Liu | 50 | 3 | 84 Full Retraining, Incremental Fine-tuning, and Hybrid Serving: Model Updating and Serving for Industrial Generative Recommender Systems (2026) Generative Retrieval and Ranking 59 RecBase: Generative Foundation Model Pretraining for Zero-Shot Recommendation (2025) Generative Retrieval and Recommendation Architectures |
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| 14 | Yupeng Hou COI: co-author | 50 | 3 | 75 Multi-Behavior Generative Recommendation (2024) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs 74 Inductive Generative Recommendation via Retrieval-based Speculation (2026) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs |
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| 15 | Bowen Zheng 0005 | 49 | 3 | 73 Generative Recommender with End-to-End Learnable Item Tokenization (2025) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs 51 Bridging Textual-Collaborative Gap through Semantic Codes for Sequential Recommendation (2025) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs |
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| 16 | Jinxin Hu | 49 | 3 | 86 RCLRec: Reverse Curriculum Learning for Modeling Sparse Conversions in Generative Recommendation (2026) Generative Retrieval and Ranking 68 REG4Rec: Reasoning-Enhanced Generative Model for Large-Scale Recommendation Systems (2026) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs |
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| 17 | Wei Guo 0006 | 49 | 3 | 85 Killing Two Birds with One Stone: Unifying Retrieval and Ranking with a Single Generative Recommendation Model (2025) Generative Retrieval and Ranking 84 Full Retraining, Incremental Fine-tuning, and Hybrid Serving: Model Updating and Serving for Industrial Generative Recommender Systems (2026) Generative Retrieval and Ranking |
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| 18 | Jieming Zhu COI: co-author | 48 | 3 | 75 EAGER: Two-Stream Generative Recommender with Behavior-Semantic Collaboration (2024) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs 52 EAGER-LLM: Enhancing Large Language Models as Recommenders through Exogenous Behavior-Semantic Integration (2025) Generative Recommendation and Item Tokenization |
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| 20 | Yongxin Ni | 48 | 3 | 53 Where to Go Next for Recommender Systems? ID- vs. Modality-based Recommender Models Revisited (2023) Multimodal Generative Recommendation 52 NineRec: A Benchmark Dataset Suite for Evaluating Transferable Recommendation (2025) Multimodal Generative Recommendation |
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| 21 | Sunhao Dai COI: co-author | 47 | 3 | 56 Counteracting User Attention Bias in Music Streaming Recommendation via Reward Modification (2022) Popularity Bias and Debiasing in Recommendation 54 Reinforcing Long-Term Performance in Recommender Systems with User-Oriented Exploration Policy (2024) Offline RL for Recommendation |
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| 22 | Yu Zhang 0206 | 47 | 3 | 86 RCLRec: Reverse Curriculum Learning for Modeling Sparse Conversions in Generative Recommendation (2026) Generative Retrieval and Ranking 53 Distribution-Guided Auto-Encoder for User Multimodal Interest Cross Fusion (2025) Multimodal Generative Recommendation |
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| 23 | Ziru Liu | 47 | 3 | 56 KuaiSim: A Comprehensive Simulator for Recommender Systems (2023) Recommendation Systems and Evaluation 56 Multi-Task Recommendations with Reinforcement Learning (2023) Offline RL for Recommendation |
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| 24 | Bo Chen 0023 | 47 | 3 | 84 Generative Representational Learning of Foundation Models for Recommendation (2026) Generative Retrieval and Ranking 45 Large language models make sample-efficient recommender systems (2025) Efficiency and Deployment |
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| 26 | Yongqi Li 0001 | 46 | 3 | 70 Efficient Inference for Large Language Model-based Generative Recommendation (2025) Generative Retrieval and Ranking 70 EARN: Efficient Inference Acceleration for LLM-based Generative Recommendation by Register Tokens (2025) Generative Retrieval and Ranking |
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| 27 | Chongming Gao | 46 | 3 | 56 Tunable LLM-based Proactive Recommendation Agent (2025) Preference Alignment and Optimization 53 Treatment Effect Estimation for User Interest Exploration on Recommender Systems (2024) Explainable and Causal Recommendation |
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| 28 | Zhengyi Yang 0007 | 46 | 3 | 50 A Bi-Step Grounding Paradigm for Large Language Models in Recommendation Systems (2025) Generative Recommendation and Item Tokenization 46 Generate What You Prefer: Reshaping Sequential Recommendation via Guided Diffusion (2023) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders |
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| 29 | Yang Song 0008 COI: co-author | 45 | 3 | 58 GenSAR: Unifying Balanced Search and Recommendation with Generative Retrieval (2025) Recommendation with Search and Ranking 46 Making Transformer Decoders Better Differentiable Indexers (2025) Generative Retrieval |
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| 30 | Junwei Pan COI: co-author | 45 | 3 | 55 Cross-Scale Collaboration between LLMs and Lightweight Sequential Recommenders with Domain-Specific Latent Reasoning (2026) Generative Recommendation and Item Tokenization 51 Incremental Learning for LLM-based Tokenization and Recommendation (2025) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs |
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| 31 | Junchen Fu | 44 | 3 | 53 Are Multimodal Embeddings Truly Beneficial for Recommendation? A Deep Dive into Whole vs. Individual Modalities (2026) Multimodal Generative Recommendation 52 NineRec: A Benchmark Dataset Suite for Evaluating Transferable Recommendation (2025) Multimodal Generative Recommendation |
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| 32 | Junjie Zhang 0009 | 44 | 3 | 73 Generative Next-Basket Recommendation (2023) Generative Retrieval and Ranking 44 Tapping the Potential of Large Language Models as Recommender Systems: A Comprehensive Framework and Empirical Analysis (2025) Efficiency and Deployment |
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| 33 | Yongjing Hao | 44 | 3 | 56 Click is not equal to purchase: multi-task reinforcement learning for multi-behavior recommendation (2023) Multi-Behavior Recommendation 56 Click is Not Equal to Purchase: Multi-task Reinforcement Learning for Multi-behavior Recommendation (2022) Multi-Behavior Recommendation |