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Large-Scale Online Learning for Generative List Recommendation in E-commerce: An Environment Policy Optimization Approach

sigir26-053 · Full research paper · Yuan Wang, Zhiyu Li, Ang Gao, Changshuo Zhang, Xiao Zhang, Jun Xu, Quan Lin
Generative Retrieval and Ranking · 50% Long-Term Engagement and Retention O · 25% Generative Retrieval and Recommendat · 25%
Abstract

Generative List Recommendation (GLR) models have shown superior performance in E-commerce by directly generating high-quality recommendation lists through sequential item selection. While Online Learning (OL) has proven valuable for streaming point-wise recommendation models in adapting to dynamic user preferences, its application to GLR remains largely unexplored, due in large part to the inefficiency and instability of conventional on-policy reinforcement learning algorithms used in existing GLR approaches. Existing approaches typically rely on surrogate losses, which provide indirect and biased gradient estimates, making them ill-suited for the rapid, subtle distribution shifts common in real-world E-commerce environments. In this paper, we propose Environment Policy Optimization (EPO), a novel GLR model that fundamentally reshapes policy learning by exploiting the differentiability of the environment within the Generator-Evaluator framework. EPO recognizes that the evaluator is a neural network, capable of providing gradient signals. By directly utilizing these gradients, EPO enables end-to-end optimization of the total list-wise reward—the true objective. To ensure differentiable list generation, EPO introduces a new indexing and exploration strategy based on NeuralSort and Gumbel noise, which relaxes discrete item selection into a continuous, gradient-friendly operation. EPO not only demonstrates strong performance in offline evaluations but also unlocks the potential of online learning for GLR at an industrial scale, yielding a 1.18% relative improvement in user clicks in online A/B tests. The results underscore the critical role of EPO in providing the sensitivity, stability, and gradient fidelity necessary for effective real-time adaptation in streaming and dynamic recommendation environments. Moreover, EPO reached the baseline performance with a training time deduction of 76% under identical hardware conditions.

Assigned reviewers

#ReviewerMatchWhy (closest evidence publications in the taxonomy)
1 Shuchang Liu 0001
56
61 Fading to Grow: Growing Preference Ratios via Preference Fading Discrete Diffusion for Recommendation (2025) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders
60 Modeling User Retention through Generative Flow Networks (2024) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders
56 Multi-Task Recommendations with Reinforcement Learning (2023) Offline RL for Recommendation
2 Ed H. Chi
55
70 Recommender Systems with Generative Retrieval (2023) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs
62 PLUM: Adapting Pre-trained Language Models for Industrial-scale Generative Recommendations (2026) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs
52 Top-K Off-Policy Correction for a REINFORCE Recommender System (2019) Long-Term Engagement and Retention Optimization
3 Yuta Saito
54
58 Off-Policy Evaluation of Ranking Policies under Diverse User Behavior (2023) Recommendation with Search and Ranking
55 Evaluating the Robustness of Off-Policy Evaluation (2021) Recommendation Systems and Evaluation
53 Doubly Robust Estimator for Ranking Metrics with Post-Click Conversions (2020) CTR and Conversion Rate Prediction

Area chair

Area chairMatch
Xiaoyi Zeng 48
Area-chair candidates (5)
Kun Gai COI: co-author 535 papers
Xiaoyi Zeng assigned 4811 papers
Maolin Wang 0001 COI: co-author 4615 papers
Yanan Niu COI: co-author 4415 papers
Xin Xin 0003 4410 papers

Candidates from the panel ranked by match score

#ReviewerMatchLoadWhy
1 Han Li 0005 COI: co-author 57 3
73 Making Transformer Decoders Better Differentiable Indexers (2025) Generative Retrieval and Ranking
73 DualGR: Generative Retrieval with Long and Short-Term Interests Modeling (2026) Generative Retrieval and Ranking
2 Shuchang Liu 0001 assigned 56 3
61 Fading to Grow: Growing Preference Ratios via Preference Fading Discrete Diffusion for Recommendation (2025) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders
60 Modeling User Retention through Generative Flow Networks (2024) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders
3 Xiao Zhang 0034 COI: author 55 3
58 GenSAR: Unifying Balanced Search and Recommendation with Generative Retrieval (2025) Recommendation with Search and Ranking
52 Counterfactual Reward Modification for Streaming Recommendation with Delayed Feedback (2021) Long-Term Engagement and Retention Optimization
4 Ed H. Chi assigned 55 3
70 Recommender Systems with Generative Retrieval (2023) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs
62 PLUM: Adapting Pre-trained Language Models for Industrial-scale Generative Recommendations (2026) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs
5 Lantao Hu COI: co-author 55 3
70 Generative Recommender with End-to-End Learnable Item Tokenization (2025) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs
54 Modeling User Retention through Generative Flow Networks (2024) Offline RL for Recommendation
6 Hao Deng 0011 55 3
86 RCLRec: Reverse Curriculum Learning for Modeling Sparse Conversions in Generative Recommendation (2026) Generative Retrieval and Ranking
69 REG4Rec: Reasoning-Enhanced Generative Model for Large-Scale Recommendation Systems (2026) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs
7 Xuanhua Yang 54 3
75 GenRec: A Preference-Oriented Generative Framework for Large-Scale Recommendation (2026) Generative Retrieval and Ranking
61 Towards Personalized Bundle Creative Generation with Contrastive Non-Autoregressive Decoding (2022) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders
8 Yuta Saito assigned 54 3
58 Off-Policy Evaluation of Ranking Policies under Diverse User Behavior (2023) Recommendation with Search and Ranking
55 Evaluating the Robustness of Off-Policy Evaluation (2021) Recommendation Systems and Evaluation
9 Lichan Hong 53 3
73 Recommender Systems with Generative Retrieval (2023) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs
61 PLUM: Adapting Pre-trained Language Models for Industrial-scale Generative Recommendations (2026) Generative Recommendation and Item Tokenization
11 Noveen Sachdeva 51 3
53 ActionPiece: Contextually Tokenizing Action Sequences for Generative Recommendation (2025) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs
52 Off-policy Bandits with Deficient Support (2020) Long-Term Engagement and Retention Optimization
12 Qiang Luo 0004 50 3
69 OneLoc: Geo-Aware Generative Recommender Systems for Local Life Service (2026) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs
60 DiffGRM: Diffusion-based Generative Recommendation Model (2026) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders
13 Qijiong Liu 50 3
84 Full Retraining, Incremental Fine-tuning, and Hybrid Serving: Model Updating and Serving for Industrial Generative Recommender Systems (2026) Generative Retrieval and Ranking
59 RecBase: Generative Foundation Model Pretraining for Zero-Shot Recommendation (2025) Generative Retrieval and Recommendation Architectures
14 Yupeng Hou COI: co-author 50 3
75 Multi-Behavior Generative Recommendation (2024) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs
74 Inductive Generative Recommendation via Retrieval-based Speculation (2026) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs
15 Bowen Zheng 0005 49 3
73 Generative Recommender with End-to-End Learnable Item Tokenization (2025) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs
51 Bridging Textual-Collaborative Gap through Semantic Codes for Sequential Recommendation (2025) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs
16 Jinxin Hu 49 3
86 RCLRec: Reverse Curriculum Learning for Modeling Sparse Conversions in Generative Recommendation (2026) Generative Retrieval and Ranking
68 REG4Rec: Reasoning-Enhanced Generative Model for Large-Scale Recommendation Systems (2026) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs
17 Wei Guo 0006 49 3
85 Killing Two Birds with One Stone: Unifying Retrieval and Ranking with a Single Generative Recommendation Model (2025) Generative Retrieval and Ranking
84 Full Retraining, Incremental Fine-tuning, and Hybrid Serving: Model Updating and Serving for Industrial Generative Recommender Systems (2026) Generative Retrieval and Ranking
18 Jieming Zhu COI: co-author 48 3
75 EAGER: Two-Stream Generative Recommender with Behavior-Semantic Collaboration (2024) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs
52 EAGER-LLM: Enhancing Large Language Models as Recommenders through Exogenous Behavior-Semantic Integration (2025) Generative Recommendation and Item Tokenization
20 Yongxin Ni 48 3
53 Where to Go Next for Recommender Systems? ID- vs. Modality-based Recommender Models Revisited (2023) Multimodal Generative Recommendation
52 NineRec: A Benchmark Dataset Suite for Evaluating Transferable Recommendation (2025) Multimodal Generative Recommendation
21 Sunhao Dai COI: co-author 47 3
56 Counteracting User Attention Bias in Music Streaming Recommendation via Reward Modification (2022) Popularity Bias and Debiasing in Recommendation
54 Reinforcing Long-Term Performance in Recommender Systems with User-Oriented Exploration Policy (2024) Offline RL for Recommendation
22 Yu Zhang 0206 47 3
86 RCLRec: Reverse Curriculum Learning for Modeling Sparse Conversions in Generative Recommendation (2026) Generative Retrieval and Ranking
53 Distribution-Guided Auto-Encoder for User Multimodal Interest Cross Fusion (2025) Multimodal Generative Recommendation
23 Ziru Liu 47 3
56 KuaiSim: A Comprehensive Simulator for Recommender Systems (2023) Recommendation Systems and Evaluation
56 Multi-Task Recommendations with Reinforcement Learning (2023) Offline RL for Recommendation
24 Bo Chen 0023 47 3
84 Generative Representational Learning of Foundation Models for Recommendation (2026) Generative Retrieval and Ranking
45 Large language models make sample-efficient recommender systems (2025) Efficiency and Deployment
26 Yongqi Li 0001 46 3
70 Efficient Inference for Large Language Model-based Generative Recommendation (2025) Generative Retrieval and Ranking
70 EARN: Efficient Inference Acceleration for LLM-based Generative Recommendation by Register Tokens (2025) Generative Retrieval and Ranking
27 Chongming Gao 46 3
56 Tunable LLM-based Proactive Recommendation Agent (2025) Preference Alignment and Optimization
53 Treatment Effect Estimation for User Interest Exploration on Recommender Systems (2024) Explainable and Causal Recommendation
28 Zhengyi Yang 0007 46 3
50 A Bi-Step Grounding Paradigm for Large Language Models in Recommendation Systems (2025) Generative Recommendation and Item Tokenization
46 Generate What You Prefer: Reshaping Sequential Recommendation via Guided Diffusion (2023) Diffusion and Flow Recommenders
29 Yang Song 0008 COI: co-author 45 3
58 GenSAR: Unifying Balanced Search and Recommendation with Generative Retrieval (2025) Recommendation with Search and Ranking
46 Making Transformer Decoders Better Differentiable Indexers (2025) Generative Retrieval
30 Junwei Pan COI: co-author 45 3
55 Cross-Scale Collaboration between LLMs and Lightweight Sequential Recommenders with Domain-Specific Latent Reasoning (2026) Generative Recommendation and Item Tokenization
51 Incremental Learning for LLM-based Tokenization and Recommendation (2025) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs
31 Junchen Fu 44 3
53 Are Multimodal Embeddings Truly Beneficial for Recommendation? A Deep Dive into Whole vs. Individual Modalities (2026) Multimodal Generative Recommendation
52 NineRec: A Benchmark Dataset Suite for Evaluating Transferable Recommendation (2025) Multimodal Generative Recommendation
32 Junjie Zhang 0009 44 3
73 Generative Next-Basket Recommendation (2023) Generative Retrieval and Ranking
44 Tapping the Potential of Large Language Models as Recommender Systems: A Comprehensive Framework and Empirical Analysis (2025) Efficiency and Deployment
33 Yongjing Hao 44 3
56 Click is not equal to purchase: multi-task reinforcement learning for multi-behavior recommendation (2023) Multi-Behavior Recommendation
56 Click is Not Equal to Purchase: Multi-task Reinforcement Learning for Multi-behavior Recommendation (2022) Multi-Behavior Recommendation