ProMax: Exploring the Potential of LLM-derived Profiles with Distribution Shaping for Recommender Systems
Abstract
The remarkable text understanding and generation capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have revitalized the field of general recommendation based on implicit user feedback. Rather than deploying LLMs directly as recommendation models, a more flexible paradigm leverages their ability to interpret users' historical interactions and semantic contexts to extract structured profiles that characterize user preferences. These profiles can be further transformed into actionable high-dimensional representations, serving as powerful signals to augment and strengthen recommendation models. However, the mechanism by which such profiles enhance recommendation performance within the feature space remains insufficiently understood. Moreover, existing studies predominantly rely on nonlinear alignment and fusion strategies to incorporate these profiles, which often lead to semantic loss and fail to fully exploit their potential. To address these limitations, we revisit profiles from a retrieval perspective and propose a simple yet effective recommendation framework built upon distribution shaping (ProMax) in this paper. We begin by employing dense retrieval to uncover the collaborative relationships between user and item profiles within the feature space. Based on this insight, we introduce a dual distribution-reshaping process, in which the profile distribution acts as a guiding signal to steer the recommendation model toward learning user preferences for unseen items beyond the scope of observed interactions. We apply ProMax to four classic recommendation methods on three public datasets. The results indicate that ProMax substantially improves base model performance and outperforms existing LLM-based recommendation approaches.
Assigned reviewers
| # | Reviewer | Match | Why (closest evidence publications in the taxonomy) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Huifeng Guo | 53 | 63 SELF: Surrogate-light Feature Selection with Large Language Models in Deep Recommender Systems (2025) LLM-Derived Knowledge Infusion 62 Prompt Tuning as User Inherent Profile Inference Machine (2025) Efficiency and Deployment 54 LLM4Tag: Automatic Tagging System for Information Retrieval via Large Language Models (2025) Domain-Specific and Structured Retrieval |
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| 2 | Wei Wei 0027 | 48 | 70 LLMRec: Large Language Models with Graph Augmentation for Recommendation (2024) Graph Pretraining and Foundation Models 53 Representation Learning with Large Language Models for Recommendation (2024) Text Embedding and Representation Learning 51 GraphGPT: Graph Instruction Tuning for Large Language Models (2024) KG-Augmented LLM Reasoning |
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| 3 | Lingling Yi | 46 | 75 TRAWL: External Knowledge-Enhanced Recommendation with LLM Assistance (2025) LLM-Derived Knowledge Infusion 51 PRECISE: Pre-training and Fine-tuning Sequential Recommenders with Collaborative and Semantic Information (2025) Sequential and Session-based Recommendation 44 Item-Provider Co-learning for Sequential Recommendation (2022) Graph Contrastive and Self-Supervised Learning |
Area chair
| Area chair | Match | |
|---|---|---|
| Weiming Liu 0005 | 46 |
Area-chair candidates (8)
| Pengyue Jia | 51 | 10 papers | |
| Kun Gai COI: co-author | 46 | 5 papers | |
| Weiming Liu 0005 assigned | 46 | 8 papers | |
| Yanan Niu COI: co-author | 46 | 15 papers | |
| Jun Xu 0001 COI: co-author | 46 | 2 papers | |
| Leyu Lin | 45 | 15 papers | |
| Maolin Wang 0001 COI: co-author | 45 | 15 papers | |
| Xin Xin 0003 | 45 | 10 papers |
Candidates from the panel ranked by match score
| # | Reviewer | Match | Load | Why | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bo Chen 0023 | 61 | 3 | 74 Towards Open-World Recommendation with Knowledge Augmentation from Large Language Models (2024) Knowledge Infusion and Open-World Augmentation 74 Efficient and Deployable Knowledge Infusion for Open-World Recommendations via Large Language Models (2026) Knowledge Infusion and Open-World Augmentation |
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| 2 | Huifeng Guo assigned | 53 | 3 | 63 SELF: Surrogate-light Feature Selection with Large Language Models in Deep Recommender Systems (2025) LLM-Derived Knowledge Infusion 62 Prompt Tuning as User Inherent Profile Inference Machine (2025) Efficiency and Deployment |
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| 3 | Jieming Zhu COI: co-author | 53 | 3 | 75 Towards Open-World Recommendation with Knowledge Augmentation from Large Language Models (2024) Knowledge Infusion and Open-World Augmentation 74 Efficient and Deployable Knowledge Infusion for Open-World Recommendations via Large Language Models (2026) Knowledge Infusion and Open-World Augmentation |
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| 5 | Jianling Wang | 51 | 3 | 74 Fresh Content Recommendation at Scale: A Multi-funnel Solution and the Potential of LLMs (2024) Efficiency and Deployment 67 LLMs for User Interest Exploration in Large-scale Recommendation Systems (2024) Sequential and Session-based Recommendation |
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| 6 | Yang Zhang 0072 | 51 | 3 | 62 AlpsBench: An LLM Personalization Benchmark for Real-Dialogue Memorization and Preference Alignment (2026) Efficiency and Deployment 58 LLM Personalization: Foundations, Breakthroughs, and Frontiers (2026) User Profile and Persona Modeling |
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| 7 | Chongming Gao COI: co-author | 51 | 3 | 57 Agentic Feedback Loop Modeling Improves Recommendation and User Simulation (2025) User Profile and Persona Modeling 52 Tunable LLM-based Proactive Recommendation Agent (2025) Preference Alignment and Optimization |
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| 8 | Bowen Zheng 0005 | 50 | 3 | 54 Autonomous Reasoning-Retrieval for Large Language Model Based Recommendation (2025) Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval and Ranking 53 Enhancing Sequential Recommender with Large Language Models for Joint Video and Comment Recommendation (2025) Sequential and Session-based Recommendation |
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| 9 | Jizhi Zhang | 50 | 3 | 57 Agentic Feedback Loop Modeling Improves Recommendation and User Simulation (2025) User Profile and Persona Modeling 51 Decoding Matters: Addressing Amplification Bias and Homogeneity Issue in Recommendations for Large Language Models (2024) Generative Recommendation and Item Tokenization |
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| 10 | Shuchang Liu 0001 | 49 | 3 | 70 Recommendation as Language Processing (RLP): A Unified Pretrain, Personalized Prompt & Predict Paradigm (P5) (2022) Knowledge Infusion and Open-World Augmentation 62 DLCRec: A Novel Approach for Managing Diversity in LLM-Based Recommender Systems (2025) Preference Alignment and Optimization |
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| 11 | Junjie Zhang 0009 | 49 | 3 | 56 STARec: An Efficient Agent Framework for Recommender Systems via Autonomous Deliberate Reasoning (2025) RL Training of Search Agents 55 AgentCF: Collaborative Learning with Autonomous Language Agents for Recommender Systems (2024) RL Training of Search Agents |
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| 12 | Zhengyi Yang 0007 | 48 | 3 | 51 A Bi-Step Grounding Paradigm for Large Language Models in Recommendation Systems (2025) Generative Recommendation and Item Tokenization 49 LLaRA: Large Language-Recommendation Assistant (2024) Sequential and Session-based Recommendation |
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| 13 | Xiao Zhang 0034 COI: co-author | 48 | 3 | 61 Large Language Models Enhanced Collaborative Filtering (2024) Preference Alignment and Optimization 57 Similarity = Value? Consultation Value-Assessment and Alignment for Personalized Search (2025) Personalized and Context-Aware Retrieval |
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| 14 | Qijiong Liu | 48 | 3 | 75 ONCE: Boosting Content-based Recommendation with Both Open- and Closed-source Large Language Models (2024) LLM-Derived Knowledge Infusion 60 RecBase: Generative Foundation Model Pretraining for Zero-Shot Recommendation (2025) Generative Retrieval and Recommendation Architectures |
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| 15 | Bo Peng 0009 | 48 | 3 | 50 eCeLLM: Generalizing Large Language Models for E-commerce from Large-scale, High-quality Instruction Data (2024) Efficiency and Deployment 49 M2: Mixed Models With Preferences, Popularities and Transitions for Next-Basket Recommendation (2023) Efficient and Long-Sequence Sequential Recommendation |
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| 16 | Wei Wei 0027 assigned | 48 | 3 | 70 LLMRec: Large Language Models with Graph Augmentation for Recommendation (2024) Graph Pretraining and Foundation Models 53 Representation Learning with Large Language Models for Recommendation (2024) Text Embedding and Representation Learning |
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| 17 | Jiancan Wu | 48 | 3 | 52 Large Language Model Can Interpret Latent Space of Sequential Recommender (2026) Sequential and Session-based Recommendation 52 LLaRA: Large Language-Recommendation Assistant (2024) Sequential and Session-based Recommendation |
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| 18 | Yang Song 0008 COI: co-author | 48 | 3 | 68 Large Language Models Enhanced Collaborative Filtering (2024) LLM-Enhanced Collaborative Filtering 48 LabelCraft: Empowering Short Video Recommendations with Automated Label Crafting (2024) Recommendation Systems and Evaluation |
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| 19 | Fei Sun 0001 COI: co-author | 47 | 3 | 49 Intent Preference Decoupling for User Representation on Online Recommender System (2020) Sequential Recommendation with User Modeling and Profiling 49 Personalized re-ranking for recommendation (2019) Recommendation with Search and Ranking |
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| 20 | Jin Chen 0008 COI: co-author | 47 | 3 | 57 When large language models meet personalization: perspectives of challenges and opportunities (2024) User Profile and Persona Modeling 48 RecStudio: Towards a Highly-Modularized Recommender System (2023) Recommendation Systems and Evaluation |
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| 21 | Seongmin Park 0002 | 47 | 3 | 50 Temporal Linear Item-Item Model for Sequential Recommendation (2025) Efficient and Long-Sequence Sequential Recommendation 49 MUFFIN: Mixture of User-Adaptive Frequency Filtering for Sequential Recommendation (2025) Sequential Recommendation with User Modeling and Profiling |
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| 22 | Chen Wang 0052 | 47 | 3 | 53 Collaborative Alignment for Recommendation (2024) Collaborative-Semantic Representation Alignment 52 Cluster-Aware Item Prompt Learning for Session-Based Recommendation (2025) LLM-Enhanced Sequential Recommendation |
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| 23 | Yupeng Hou | 47 | 3 | 64 Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Rankers for Recommender Systems (2024) Efficiency and Deployment 52 Adapting Large Language Models by Integrating Collaborative Semantics for Recommendation (2024) Collaborative-Semantic Representation Alignment |
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| 26 | Wei Guo 0006 | 46 | 3 | 63 Can LLMs Outshine Conventional Recommenders? A Comparative Evaluation (2025) Efficiency and Deployment 50 Dataset Regeneration for Sequential Recommendation (2024) Recommendation Systems and Evaluation |
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| 29 | James Caverlee | 46 | 3 | 70 Language Models as Semantic Augmenters for Sequential Recommenders (2026) Sequential and Session-based Recommendation 49 Sequential Recommendation for Cold-start Users with Meta Transitional Learning (2021) Sequential Recommendation with User Modeling and Profiling |
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| 30 | Lingling Yi assigned | 46 | 3 | 75 TRAWL: External Knowledge-Enhanced Recommendation with LLM Assistance (2025) LLM-Derived Knowledge Infusion 51 PRECISE: Pre-training and Fine-tuning Sequential Recommenders with Collaborative and Semantic Information (2025) Sequential and Session-based Recommendation |
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| 31 | Ed H. Chi | 46 | 3 | 62 LLMs for User Interest Exploration in Large-scale Recommendation Systems (2024) Generative Recommendation and Item Tokenization 48 PLUM: Adapting Pre-trained Language Models for Industrial-scale Generative Recommendations (2026) Item Tokenization and Semantic IDs |
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| 32 | Lantao Hu | 46 | 3 | 49 Modeling User Fatigue for Sequential Recommendation (2024) Contrastive and Self-Supervised Sequential Recommendation 49 Comprehensive List Generation for Multi-Generator Reranking (2025) Recommendation with Search and Ranking |
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| 33 | Han Li 0005 COI: co-author | 45 | 3 | 53 Enhancing Sequential Recommender with Large Language Models for Joint Video and Comment Recommendation (2025) Sequential and Session-based Recommendation 49 Comprehensive List Generation for Multi-Generator Reranking (2025) Recommendation with Search and Ranking |
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| 34 | Hao Liu 0078 COI: co-author | 45 | 3 | 53 WeaveRec: An LLM-Based Cross-Domain Sequential Recommendation Framework with Model Merging (2026) Efficiency and Deployment 43 Mitigating Distribution Shifts in Sequential Recommendation: An Invariance Perspective (2025) Contrastive and Self-Supervised Sequential Recommendation |
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| 38 | Min Hou 0004 | 45 | 3 | 53 WeaveRec: An LLM-Based Cross-Domain Sequential Recommendation Framework with Model Merging (2026) Efficiency and Deployment 49 RecCocktail: A Generalizable and Efficient Framework for LLM-Based Recommendation (2026) Preference Alignment and Optimization |